Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital Eye Center, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Yilan Wu, Yiming Qin, Dian Zeng, Yixiao Jin, Hongwei Ji, Ya Xing Wang & Tien Yin Wong
School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Yilan Wu, Yiming Qin, Dian Zeng, Hongwei Ji & Tien Yin Wong
Shanghai Belt and Road International Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Institute for Proactive Healthcare, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China
Bo Qian, Tingyao Li, Yiming Qin, Zhouyu Guan, Huating Li, Ziyao Meng, Xiang Chen, Yuanqi Yao & Bin Sheng
MOE Key Laboratory of AI, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Bo Qian, Tingyao Li, Yiming Qin, Ziyao Meng, Xiang Chen, Yuanqi Yao & Bin Sheng
College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence Technology, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
Bo Qian
Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Health and Medical Centre, Wuxi, China
Tingli Chen, Yi Huang, Xiyun Bian, Jing Wang, Xiaolong Yang, Haifang Zhang & Yihan Li
Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
Yali Jia & Pengxiao Zang
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
Yali Jia & Pengxiao Zang
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
Ping Zhang & Changchang Yin
Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
Ping Zhang & Changchang Yin
Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
Sayoko Moroi, Joshua Evans, Alan Letson, Frederik Davidorf, Mona Adeli, Peter Chen & Thomas A. Mendel
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, USA
Rajiv Raman, Praveena Venkatakrishnan, Dhaivat Shah, Abhishek Kumar Tripathi, Dharshan Bhatt, Urvashi Kala & Abhishek Karra
Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Benjamin Sommer Thinggaard & Frederik Pedersen
Open Patient Data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Benjamin Sommer Thinggaard, Benjamin Sommer Thinggaard, Frederik Pedersen, Bjarke Steenberg Smith, Andreas Abou Taha & Jakob Grauslund
Department of Ophthalmology, Malabo Regional Hospital, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
José Alogo Obiang Ñehe
Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Tengku Ain Kamalden, José Alogo Obiang Ñehe & Celestino Edjang Nguema Mikue
Universiti Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Tengku Ain Kamalden, Tengku Ain Kamalden, Tajunisah Iqbal, Penny Lott Pooi Wah, Marium Jamaluddin Ahmad, Nurul Najieha Amir & Irina Effendi-Tenang
NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Yukun Zhou, Tengku Ain Kamalden, Tajunisah Iqbal, Penny Lott Pooi Wah, Marium Jamaluddin Ahmad, Nurul Najieha Amir & Irina Effendi-Tenang
Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
Yukun Zhou, Sobha Sivaprasad & Pearse A. Keane
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
An Ran Ran, Dawei Yang, Simon K. H. Szeto, Julia Y. Y. Chan, Victor T. T. Chan, Sobha Sivaprasad & Pearse A. Keane
Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
Qingsheng Peng, Chenxi Zhang, Carol Y. Cheung, Yih-Chung Tham, Ching-Yu Cheng & Tien Yin Wong
Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health and Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Qingsheng Peng, Gavin Siew Wei Tan, Yih-Chung Tham & Ching-Yu Cheng
State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
Ying Feng Zheng
Department of Ophthalmology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
Dingqiao Wang
Medical Records and Statistics Office, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Jie Shen & Dingqiao Wang
Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
Youxin Chen, Weihong Yu, Chenxi Zhang & Xinyu Zhao
Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
Youxin Chen, Weihong Yu, Rongping Dai, Chenxi Zhang & Xinyu Zhao
Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases Intelligent Diagnosis & Drug/Device Development and Translation, Beijing, China
Youxin Chen, Weihong Yu, Rongping Dai, Chenxi Zhang, Xinyu Zhao, Shiqun Lin & Yan Zhou
Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Xiangning Wang, Yan Chen, Qiang Wu, Shiqun Lin & Yan Zhou
Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Center, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
Hongbin Xie
Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Hua-Tao Xie
Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), Shanghai, China
Ruili Wei
Department of Ophthalmology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Jin Li
Institute for AI Industry Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Weizhi Ma
ROAS Thrust, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
Lei Zhu & Hongqiu Wang
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
Lei Zhu
Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
Huazhu Fu
Key Laboratory of River Basic Digital Twinning of Ministry of Water Resources, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao Special Administrative Region, Taipa, China
Wenxiao Wang
Wuhan Bright Eye Hospital, Wuhan, China
Shan Lin, Zejun Xu & Nian Guan
The People’s Hospital of Sixian County, Anhui, China
Xiao Zhang
Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, Poznan, Poland
Andrzej Grzybowski
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
Andrzej Grzybowski
Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Hospitals, Wejherowo, Poland
Monika Gołębiowska-Bogaj & Maciej Gawęcki
Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Adrian Smedowski
Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Kornel Gibinski University Clinical Center, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Adrian Smedowski
GlaucoTech Co., Katowice, Poland
Adrian Smedowski
Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Wojciech Szaraniec
Department of Ophthalmology, Kornel Gibinski University Clinical Center, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Wojciech Szaraniec
School of Healthcare Management, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
You Wu
Institute for Hospital Management, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
You Wu
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
Yang Wen
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Lee-Ling Lim
Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
Lee-Ling Lim
Baker Heart and Diabetes Insitute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Lee-Ling Lim
Department of Ophthalmology, Rajavithi Hospital, College of Medicine, Rangsit University, Bangkok, Thailand
Paisan Ruamviboonsuk
Ophthalmology and Visual Science Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
Yih-Chung Tham
Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnostic Technology and Devices for Major Blinding Eye Diseases, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Tien Yin Wong
Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
Bo Qu
Department of Ophthalmology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
Hongzhi Yuan
Department of Ophthalmology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
Mengxiang Guo
Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangmen People’s Hospital, Jiangmen, China
Ming Zhou
Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
Wen Shi
Department of Ophthalmology, Vestfold Hospital, Tonsberg, Norway
Lars Morten Skollerud
T.Y.W. and B.S. conceived and supervised the project. T.Y.W., B.S., Yilan Wu, Z.G., D.Z. and Y.F.Z. designed the study. B. Qian, Y.Q. and P.Z. designed the deep learning algorithm and the computational framework. T.Y.W., Yilan Wu, B. Qian, T.L, Y.Q., Z.G., D.Z. and Y.F.Z. contributed to the initial drafting of the manuscript. Y.J., P.Z., Y.Z., Q.P., C.Y., J.S., A.G., M.G.-B., M.G., A.S., W.S., L.Z. and You Wu helped with data collection. S.M., R.R., B.S.T., J.A.O.Ñ., T.A.K., H.L., Y.J., A.R.R., D.Y., Z.M., D.W., Y.C., W.Y., R.D., X. Zhao, C.Z., X.W., Y.C., Q.W., H.X., S.K.H.S., J.Y.Y.C., V.T.T.C., H.-T.X., R.W., J.L., Shan Lin, Z.X., N.G., J.E., A.L., F.D., MA., P.C., T.A.M., Y.H., Y.Z., Shiqun Lin, X.B., J.W., X.Y., H.Z., Y.L, B. Qu, H.Y., M.G., M.Z., W.S., L.M.S., F.P., B.S.S., A.A.T., C.E.N.M., P.V., D.S., A.K.T., D.B., U.K., A.K., T.I., P.L.P.W., M.J.A., N.N.A. and I.E.-T. participated in prospective validations. T.C., X. Zhang, Y.H., X.B., J.W., X.Y., H.Z. and Y.L. conducted the data collection and analysis in the RCT. J.G., P.R., S.S., P.A.K., L.-L.L., C.Y.C., G.S.W.T., Y.X.W., Y.-C.T., C.-Y.C., Y.F.Z., B.S. and T.Y.W. contributed to collaboration organization and provided critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors provided critical comments and reviewed the manuscript. All authors discussed the results and approved the final version before submission.
