Computational whole-body-exposome models for global precision brain health

Computational whole-body-exposome models for global precision brain health

  • Collaborators, G. B. D. F. Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022-2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 403, 2204–2256 (2024).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, E. Neurological conditions are leading cause of disability worldwide. JAMA 331, 1440 (2024).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Momen, N. C. et al. Association between mental disorders and subsequent medical conditions. N. Engl. J. Med 382, 1721–1731 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Collaborators, G. B. D. M. D Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Psychiatry 9, 137–150 (2022).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinmetz, J. D. et al. Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Neurol. 23, 344–381 (2024).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Feigin, V. L. et al. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol. 20, 795–820 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wig, G. S. et al. Participant diversity is necessary to advance brain aging research. Trends Cogn. Sci. 28, 92–96 (2024).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • McGorry, P. D. et al. The lancet psychiatry commission on youth mental health. Lancet Psychiatry 11, 731–774 (2024).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernandez, H. et al. The exposome of healthy and accelerated aging across 40 countries. Nat. Med 31, 3089–3100 (2025).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Moguilner, S. et al. Brain clocks capture diversity and disparities in aging and dementia across geographically diverse populations. Nat. Med 30, 3646–3657 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibanez, A. The mind’s golden cage and cognition in the wild. Trends Cogn. Sci. 26, 1031–1034 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibanez, A. Inspired by struggle: a personal journey to global precision brain health. iScience 28, 111918 (2025).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibanez, A. et al. Neuroecological links of the exposome and one health. Neuron 112, 1905–1910 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibanez, A. & Zimmer, E. R. Time to synergize mental health with brain health. Nat. Ment. Health 1, 441–443 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibanez, A., Kringelbach, M. L. & Deco, G. A synergetic turn in cognitive neuroscience of brain diseases. Trends Cogn. Sci. 28, 319–338 (2024).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Udeh-Momoh, C. T. et al. Resilience and brain health in global populations. Nat. Med 31, 2518–2531 (2025).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lengnick-Hall, R. et al. Eight characteristics of rigorous multilevel implementation research: a step-by-step guide. Implement Sci. 18, 52 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, J. H. et al. Challenges for multilevel health disparities research in a transdisciplinary environment. Am. J. Prev. Med 35, S182–S192 (2008).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S. et al. Multimodal integration of neuroimaging and genetic data for the diagnosis of mood disorders based on computer vision models. J. Psychiatr. Res. 172, 144–155 (2024).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Morton, J. T. et al. Multi-level analysis of the gut-brain axis shows autism spectrum disorder-associated molecular and microbial profiles. Nat. Neurosci. 26, 1208–1217 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ressler, K. J. & Williams, L. M. Big data in psychiatry: multiomics, neuroimaging, computational modeling, and digital phenotyping. Neuropsychopharmacology 46, 1–2 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohaut, B. et al. Multimodal assessment improves neuroprognosis performance in clinically unresponsive critical-care patients with brain injury. Nat. Med 30, 2349–2355 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabitto, M. I. et al. Integrated multimodal cell atlas of Alzheimer’s disease. Nat. Neurosci. 27, 2366–2383 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Duggan, M. R. et al. Proteomics identifies potential immunological drivers of postinfection brain atrophy and cognitive decline. Nat. Aging 4, 1263–1278 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, E. A. et al. Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science. Lancet Psychiatry 7, 547–560 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjerke, I. E. et al. Data integration through brain atlasing: human brain project tools and strategies. Eur. Psychiatry 50, 70–76 (2018).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, A. E. et al. Advancing mental health research through strategic integration of transdiagnostic dimensions and genomics. Biol. Psychiatry 97, 450–460 (2025).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, L., Feigin, V., Sacco, R. L. & Koroshetz, W. J. Promoting global collaboration for brain health research. BMJ 371, m3753 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Owolabi, M. O. et al. Global synergistic actions to improve brain health for human development. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 19, 371–383 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Haken, H. Synergetics of brain function. Int J. Psychophysiol. 60, 110–124 (2006).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Poline, J. B. et al. Data and tools integration in the Canadian Open Neuroscience Platform. Sci. Data 10, 189 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Matshabane, O. P. Promoting diversity and inclusion in neuroscience and neuroethics. EBioMedicine 67, 103359 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hachinski, V. Integral brain health: Cerebral/mental/social provisional definitions. Alzheimers Dement 19, 3226–3230 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Greene, A. S. et al. Brain-phenotype models fail for individuals who defy sample stereotypes. Nature 609, 109–118 (2022).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephan, B. C., Kurth, T., Matthews, F. E., Brayne, C. & Dufouil, C. Dementia risk prediction in the population: are screening models accurate? Nat. Rev. Neurol. 6, 318–326 (2010).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Xue, D., Blue, E. E., Conomos, M. P. & Fohner, A. E. The power of representation: Statistical analysis of diversity in US Alzheimer’s disease genetics data. Alzheimers Dement (N. Y) 10, e12462 (2024).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorelick, P. B., Hainsworth, A. H. & Wallin, A. What will it take to achieve brain health globally? Cereb. Circ. Cogn. Behav. 6, 100209 (2024).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lydon-Staley, D. M., Cornblath, E. J., Blevins, A. S. & Bassett, D. S. Modeling brain, symptom, and behavior in the winds of change. Neuropsychopharmacology 46, 20–32 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Matshabane, O. P., Whitted, C. G. & Koehly, L. M. Addressing diversity and inclusion challenges in global neuro-psychiatric and behavioral genomics research. Front Genet. 13, 1021649 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Baez, S., Alladi, S. & Ibanez, A. Global South research is critical for understanding brain health, ageing and dementia. Clin. Transl. Med 13, e1486 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Eteleeb, A. M. et al. Brain high-throughput multi-omics data reveal molecular heterogeneity in Alzheimer’s disease. PLoS Biol. 22, e3002607 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Step, K., Ndong Sima, C. A. A., Mata, I. & Bardien, S. Exploring the role of underrepresented populations in polygenic risk scores for neurodegenerative disease risk prediction. Front Neurosci. 18, 1380860 (2024).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kunkle, B. W. et al. Novel Alzheimer disease risk loci and pathways in African American individuals using the African Genome Resources Panel: a meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 78, 102–113 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajabli, F. et al. Ancestral origin of ApoE epsilon4 Alzheimer disease risk in Puerto Rican and African American populations. PLoS Genet 14, e1007791 (2018).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Parra, M. A. et al. Dementia in Latin America: paving the way toward a regional action plan. Alzheimers Dement 17, 295–313 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kandiah, N. et al. Current and future trends in biomarkers for the early detection of Alzheimer’s Disease in Asia: Expert Opinion. J. Alzheimers Dis. Rep. 6, 699–710 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Meeker, K. L. et al. Socioeconomic status mediates racial differences seen using the AT(N) framework. Ann. Neurol. 89, 254–265 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Migeot, J. et al. Social exposome and brain health outcomes of dementia across Latin America. Nat. Commun. 16, 8196 (2025).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibanez, A., Legaz, A. & Ruiz-Adame, M. Addressing the gaps between socioeconomic disparities and biological models of dementia. Brain 146, 3561–3564 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephan, B. C. M. et al. Prediction of dementia risk in low-income and middle-income countries (the 10/66 Study): an independent external validation of existing models. Lancet Glob. Health 8, e524–e535 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • McGlinchey, E. et al. Biomarkers of neurodegeneration across the Global South. Lancet Healthy Longev. 5, 100616 (2024).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, D. J. et al. Sources of gene expression variation in a globally diverse human cohort. Nature 632, 122–130 (2024).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Santamaria-Garcia, H. et al. Factors associated with healthy aging in Latin American populations. Nat. Med 29, 2248–2258 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Mostert, C. M. et al. Broadening dementia risk models: building on the 2024 Lancet Commission report for a more inclusive global framework. EBioMedicine 120, 105950 (2025).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Fittipaldi, S., Migeot, J. & Ibanez, A. Socioeconomic disparities harm social cognition. Trends Cogn. Sci. 28, 386–387 (2024).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, J. et al. Cross-ethnicity/race generalization failure of behavioral prediction from resting-state functional connectivity. Sci. Adv. 8, eabj1812 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Raman, R. et al. Disparities by race and ethnicity among adults recruited for a preclinical alzheimer disease trial. JAMA Netw. Open 4, e2114364 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, F. et al. Environmental neuroscience linking exposome to brain structure and function underlying cognition and behavior. Mol. Psychiatry 28, 17–27 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruxel, E. M. et al. Psychiatric genetics in the diverse landscape of Latin American populations. Nat. Genet. 57, 1074–1088 (2025).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazelton, J. L. et al. Cardiovascular risk factors and the allostatic interoceptive network in dementia. Cardiovasc Res, 121, cvaf185 (2025).

  • Miranda, J. J. et al. Understanding the rise of cardiometabolic diseases in low- and middle-income countries. Nat. Med 25, 1667–1679 (2019).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wojcik, G. L. et al. Genetic analyses of diverse populations improves discovery for complex traits. Nature 570, 514–518 (2019).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Liao, Y. et al. Surveillance of health status in minority communities-racial and ethnic approaches to community health across the US (REACH US) risk factor survey, United States, 2009. MMWR Surveill. Summ. 60, 1–44 (2011).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Santamaria-Garcia, H. et al. Allostatic interoceptive overload across psychiatric and neurological conditions. Biol. Psychiatry 97, 28–40 (2025).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Sathyanarayanan, A. et al. Multi-omics data integration methods and their applications in psychiatric disorders. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 69, 26–46 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X. et al. Discrimination exposure impacts unhealthy processing of food cues: crosstalk between the brain and gut. Nat. Ment. Health 1, 841–852 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Legaz, A. et al. Structural inequality linked to brain volume and network dynamics in aging and dementia across the Americas. Nat. Aging 5, 259–274 (2025).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Maitre, L. et al. Multi-omics signatures of the human early life exposome. Nat. Commun. 13, 7024 (2022).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoon, J. H. et al. Integrative approach of omics and imaging data to discover new insights for understanding brain diseases. Brain Commun. 6, fcae265 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Vieira, S. et al. Multivariate brain-behaviour associations in psychiatric disorders. Transl. Psychiatry 14, 231 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Teufel, C. & Fletcher, P. C. The promises and pitfalls of applying computational models to neurological and psychiatric disorders. Brain 139, 2600–2608 (2016).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Dhamala, E., Yeo, B. T. T. & Holmes, A. J. One size does not fit all: methodological considerations for brain-based predictive modeling in psychiatry. Biol. Psychiatry 93, 717–728 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Falcon, M. I., Jirsa, V. & Solodkin, A. A new neuroinformatics approach to personalized medicine in neurology: The Virtual Brain. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 29, 429–436 (2016).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Y. S., Garrido, N. L. B., Lord, G., Maggio, Z. A. & Khomtchouk, B. B. Ethical considerations for biobanks serving underrepresented populations. Bioethics 39, 240–249 (2025).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoeler, T. et al. Participation bias in the UK Biobank distorts genetic associations and downstream analyses. Nat. Hum. Behav. 7, 1216–1227 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Collin, C. B. et al. Computational models for clinical applications in personalized medicine-guidelines and recommendations for data integration and model validation. J. Pers. Med. 12, 166 (2022).

  • Moguilner, S. et al. Multi-feature computational framework for combined signatures of dementia in underrepresented settings. J. Neural Eng. 19, 4 (2022).

  • Moguilner, S. et al. Biophysical models applied to dementia patients reveal links between geographical origin, gender, disease duration, and loss of neural inhibition. Alzheimers Res. Ther. 16, 79 (2024).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernandez, H. et al. Brain health in diverse settings: How age, demographics and cognition shape brain function. Neuroimage 295, 120636 (2024).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez-Gomez, R. et al. Educational disparities in brain health and dementia across Latin America and the United States. Alzheimers Dement 20, 5912–5925 (2024).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Herzog, R. et al. Genuine high-order interactions in brain networks and neurodegeneration. Neurobiol. Dis. 175, 105918 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanz Perl, Y. et al. Model-based whole-brain perturbational landscape of neurodegenerative diseases. Elife 12, e83970 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Coronel-Oliveros, C. et al. Viscous dynamics associated with hypoexcitation and structural disintegration in neurodegeneration via generative whole-brain modeling. Alzheimers Dement 20, 3228–3250 (2024).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonardsen, E. H. et al. Constructing personalized characterizations of structural brain aberrations in patients with dementia using explainable artificial intelligence. NPJ Digit Med 7, 110 (2024).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bycroft, C. et al. The UK Biobank resource with deep phenotyping and genomic data. Nature 562, 203–209 (2018).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurki, M. I. et al. FinnGen provides genetic insights from a well-phenotyped isolated population. Nature 613, 508–518 (2023).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilmore-Bykovskyi, A. L. et al. Recruitment and retention of underrepresented populations in Alzheimer’s disease research: A systematic review. Alzheimers Dement (N. Y) 5, 751–770 (2019).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Parra, M. A. Overcoming barriers in cognitive assessment of Alzheimer’s disease. Dement Neuropsychol. 8, 95–98 (2014).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhutta, Z. A., Bhavnani, S., Betancourt, T. S., Tomlinson, M. & Patel, V. Adverse childhood experiences and lifelong health. Nat. Med 29, 1639–1648 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Soh, Y. et al. State-level indicators of childhood educational quality and incident dementia in older black and white adults. JAMA Neurol. 80, 352–359 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Farina, F. R. et al. Next generation brain health: transforming global research and public health to promote prevention of dementia and reduce its risk in young adult populations. Lancet Healthy Longev. 5, 100665 (2024).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Raju, R. M. & Tsai, L. H. Dismantling silos: the case for an integrated approach to address childhood determinants of lifelong brain health. Neuron 111, 3706–3709 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolleddula, J. et al. No person left behind: Mapping the health policy landscape for genomics research in the Caribbean. Lancet Reg. Health Am. 15, 100367 (2022).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Signore, I. A. et al. The Chilean COVID-19 genomics network biorepository: a resource for multi-omics studies of COVID-19 and long COVID in a Latin American Population. Genes (Basel) 15, 1352 (2024).

  • Sohail, M. et al. Mexican Biobank advances population and medical genomics of diverse ancestries. Nature 622, 775–783 (2023).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Prado, P. et al. The BrainLat project, a multimodal neuroimaging dataset of neurodegeneration from underrepresented backgrounds. Sci. Data 10, 889 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • All of Us Research Program Genomics, I Genomic data in the all of us research program. Nature 627, 340–346 (2024).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bethlehem, R. A. I. et al. Brain charts for the human lifespan. Nature 604, 525–533 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Devaney, S. A., Malerba, L. & Manson, S. M. The “All of Us” Program and Indigenous Peoples. N. Engl. J. Med 383, 1892 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim, H., Liu, X., Zariffa, N., Morris, A. D. & Denniston, A. K. Health data poverty: an assailable barrier to equitable digital health care. Lancet Digit Health 3, e260–e265 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibanez, A., Parra, M. A., Butler, C. & Latin, A. & the Caribbean Consortium on, D. The Latin America and the caribbean consortium on dementia (LAC-CD): from networking to research to implementation science. J. Alzheimers Dis. 82, S379–S394 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaisdell, C. J. et al. The NIH ECHO program: investigating how early environmental influences affect child health. Pediatr. Res. 92, 1215–1216 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bajcsy, P. et al. Enabling global image data sharing in the life sciences. Nat. Methods 22, 672–676 (2025).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulder, N. et al. H3Africa: current perspectives. Pharmgenomics Pers. Med 11, 59–66 (2018).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, A., Mangialasche, F., Ngandu, T., Solomon, A. & Kivipelto, M. Multidomain interventions to prevent cognitive impairment, alzheimer’s disease, and dementia: from FINGER to World-Wide FINGERS. J. Prev. Alzheimers Dis. 7, 29–36 (2020).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Duran-Aniotz, C. et al. The Latin American Brain Health Institute, a regional initiative to reduce the scale and impact of dementia. Alzheimers Dement 18, 1696–1698 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibanez, A. et al. The multi-partner consortium to expand dementia research in Latin America (ReDLat): Driving Multicentric Research and Implementation Science. Front Neurol. 12, 631722 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bigdeli, T. B. et al. Contributions of common genetic variants to risk of schizophrenia among individuals of African and Latino ancestry. Mol. Psychiatry 25, 2455–2467 (2020).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuellar-Barboza, A. B. et al. Polygenic prediction of bipolar disorder in a Latin American sample. Am. J. Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 192, 139–146 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Meng, X. et al. Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of major depression aids locus discovery, fine mapping, gene prioritization and causal inference. Nat. Genet. 56, 222–233 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J. J. et al. Multi-ancestry genome-wide association meta-analysis of Parkinson’s disease. Nat. Genet. 56, 27–36 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Keene, K. L. et al. Genome-wide association study meta-analysis of stroke in 22000 individuals of African descent identifies novel associations with stroke. Stroke 51, 2454–2463 (2020).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, A. R. et al. Clinical use of current polygenic risk scores may exacerbate health disparities. Nat. Genet. 51, 584–591 (2019).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, E. G. et al. Tractor uses local ancestry to enable the inclusion of admixed individuals in GWAS and to boost power. Nat. Genet. 53, 195–204 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, A. et al. Neuropsychiatric Genetics of African Populations-Psychosis (NeuroGAP-Psychosis): a case-control study protocol and GWAS in Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa and Uganda. BMJ Open 9, e025469 (2019).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruxel, E. M. et al. Psychiatric genetics in the diverse landscape of Latin American populations. Nat. Genet. (2025).

  • Song, Y. et al. Multitrait genetic analysis identifies novel pleiotropic loci for depression and schizophrenia in East Asians. Schizophr. Bull. 51, 684–695 (2025).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lam, M. et al. Comparative genetic architectures of schizophrenia in East Asian and European populations. Nat. Genet. 51, 1670–1678 (2019).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Yue, W., Yu, X. & Zhang, D. Progress in genome-wide association studies of schizophrenia in Han Chinese populations. NPJ Schizophr. 3, 24 (2017).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Han, Y. et al. Genetic risk and prognosis of the first incident stroke survivors: findings from China Kadoorie Biobank and UK Biobank. Neurology 105, e213832 (2025).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Acosta-Uribe, J. et al. A neurodegenerative disease landscape of rare mutations in Colombia due to founder effects. Genome Med 14, 27 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Acosta-Uribe, J. et al. Genetic contributions to alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia in admixed Latin American Populations. Preprint at medRxiv (2024).

  • Zapata-Restrepo, L. M. et al. Case of early onset Alzheimer’s disease associated with a novel PSEN1 variant identified in Colombia. NPJ Dement 1, 31 (2025).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Quiroz, Y. T. et al. APOE3 Christchurch heterozygosity and autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s Disease. N. Engl. J. Med 390, 2156–2164 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopera, F. et al. Resilience to autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease in a Reelin-COLBOS heterozygous man. Nat. Med 29, 1243–1252 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray, N. R. et al. Extended genome-wide association study employing the African genome resources panel identifies novel susceptibility loci for Alzheimer’s disease in individuals of African ancestry. Alzheimers Dement 20, 5247–5261 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Naslavsky, M. S. et al. Global and local ancestry modulate APOE association with Alzheimer’s neuropathology and cognitive outcomes in an admixed sample. Mol. Psychiatry 27, 4800–4808 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazelton, J. L. et al. Neuroimaging meta-analyses reveal convergence of interoception, emotion, and social cognition across neurodegenerative diseases. Biol. Psychiatry 97, 1079–1090 (2025).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Migeot, J. A., Duran-Aniotz, C. A., Signorelli, C. M., Piguet, O. & Ibanez, A. A predictive coding framework of allostatic-interoceptive overload in frontotemporal dementia. Trends Neurosci. 45, 838–853 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Migeot, J. et al. Allostasis, health, and development in Latin America. Neurosci. Biobehav Rev. 162, 105697 (2024).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazelton, J. L. et al. Altered spatiotemporal brain dynamics of interoception in behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia. EBioMedicine 113, 105614 (2025).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wen, J. Towards a multi-organ, multi-omics medical digital twin. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 9, 1386–1389 (2025).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Birba, A. et al. Allostatic-interoceptive overload in frontotemporal dementia. Biol. Psychiatry 92, 54–67 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Liufu, C. et al. Integration of multi-omics summary data reveals the role of N6-methyladenosine in neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol. Psychiatry 29, 3141–3150 (2024).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, J. et al. Neurobiological substrates underlying the effect of genomic risk for depression on the conversion of amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Brain 141, 3457–3471 (2018).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bao, J. et al. Integrative analysis of multi-omics and imaging data with incorporation of biological information via structural Bayesian factor analysis. Brief Bioinform (2023).

  • Clark, C., Rabl, M., Dayon, L. & Popp, J. The promise of multi-omics approaches to discover biological alterations with clinical relevance in Alzheimer’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci. 14, 1065904 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ravichandran, K. A. & Heneka, M. T. Inflammasomes in neurological disorders – mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 20, 67–83 (2024).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Badhwar, A. et al. A multiomics approach to heterogeneity in Alzheimer’s disease: focused review and roadmap. Brain 143, 1315–1331 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Pape, K., Tamouza, R., Leboyer, M. & Zipp, F. Immunoneuropsychiatry – novel perspectives on brain disorders. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 15, 317–328 (2019).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Monari, S. et al. Blunted Glucocorticoid Responsiveness to Stress Causes Behavioral and Biological Alterations That Lead to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Vulnerability. Biol. Psychiatry 95, 762–773 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Luo, J. et al. Genetic regulation of human brain proteome reveals proteins implicated in psychiatric disorders. Mol. Psychiatry 29, 3330–3343 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ren, P. et al. Atlas of Proteomic signatures of brain structure and its links to brain disorders. Nat. Commun. 16, 5092 (2025).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan, J. W. et al. Transcriptomics and magnetic resonance imaging in major psychiatric disorders. Front Psychiatry 14, 1185471 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y. et al. Multi-modal intermediate integrative methods in neuropsychiatric disorders: A review. Comput Struct. Biotechnol. J. 20, 6149–6162 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Mao, Q. et al. Spatial multiomics analysis in psychiatric disorders. EC Psychol. Psychiatr. 12, 1–5 (2023).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, H. et al. Mass spectrometry imaging for spatially resolved multi-omics molecular mapping. Npj Imaging 2, 20 (2024).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubois, B. et al. Alzheimer disease as a clinical-biological construct-an international working group recommendation. JAMA Neurol. 81, 1304–1311 (2024).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gleason, C. E. et al. Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers in Black and non-Hispanic White cohorts: A contextualized review of the evidence. Alzheimers Dement 18, 1545–1564 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Parra, M. A. et al. Biomarkers for dementia in Latin American countries: Gaps and opportunities. Alzheimers Dement 19, 721–735 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, J. et al. A causal association of ANKRD37 with human hippocampal volume. Mol. Psychiatry 27, 4432–4445 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmqvist, S. et al. Blood biomarkers to detect alzheimer disease in primary care and secondary care. JAMA 332, 1245–1257 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Nativio, R. et al. An integrated multi-omics approach identifies epigenetic alterations associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Nat. Genet. 52, 1024–1035 (2020).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Shen, Y. et al. CSF proteomics identifies early changes in autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease. Cell 187, 6309–6326 e6315 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, S. J. et al. The complex genetic architecture of Alzheimer’s disease: novel insights and future directions. EBioMedicine 90, 104511 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Benjamin, K. J. M. et al. Analysis of gene expression in the postmortem brain of neurotypical Black Americans reveals contributions of genetic ancestry. Nat. Neurosci. 27, 1064–1074 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Xue, C. et al. AI-based differential diagnosis of dementia etiologies on multimodal data. Nat. Med 30, 2977–2989 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, M. et al. Transformative network modeling of multi-omics data reveals detailed circuits, key regulators, and potential therapeutics for alzheimer’s disease. Neuron 109, 257–272e214 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Heffel, M. G. et al. Temporally distinct 3D multi-omic dynamics in the developing human brain. Nature 635, 481–489 (2024).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Z. et al. Sampling inequalities affect generalization of neuroimaging-based diagnostic classifiers in psychiatry. BMC Med 21, 241 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, C. et al. Applications of multi-omics analysis in human diseases. MedComm (2020) 4, e315 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, Y. & Xie, L. AI-driven multi-omics integration for multi-scale predictive modeling of genotype-environment-phenotype relationships. Comput Struct. Biotechnol. J. 27, 265–277 (2025).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • McEwen, C. A. Connecting the biology of stress, allostatic load and epigenetics to social structures and processes. Neurobiol. Stress 17, 100426 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonham, L. W. et al. DNA methylation age from peripheral blood predicts progression to Alzheimer’s disease, white matter disease burden, and cortical atrophy. NPJ Dement 1, 7 (2025).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Caviedes, A. et al. Epigenetics of dementia remains unraveled in Latin American and Caribbean populations: A call for collaborative efforts. Alzheimers Dement 20, 9076–9078 (2024).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Cevik, S. E. et al. DNA methylation of imprint control regions associated with Alzheimer’s disease in non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites. Clin. Epigenetics 16, 58 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Horvath, S. et al. An epigenetic clock analysis of race/ethnicity, sex, and coronary heart disease. Genome Biol. 17, 171 (2016).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Oh, H. S. et al. Organ aging signatures in the plasma proteome track health and disease. Nature 624, 164–172 (2023).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Nie, C. et al. Distinct biological ages of organs and systems identified from a multi-omics study. Cell Rep. 38, 110459 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulder, D., Aarts, E., Arias Vasquez, A. & Bloemendaal, M. A systematic review exploring the association between the human gut microbiota and brain connectivity in health and disease. Mol. Psychiatry 28, 5037–5061 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Finch, C. E. & Kulminski, A. M. The alzheimer’s disease exposome. Alzheimers Dement 15, 1123–1132 (2019).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendenhall, E., Kohrt, B. A., Logie, C. H. & Tsai, A. C. Syndemics and clinical science. Nat. Med 28, 1359–1362 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Legaz, A., Baez, S. & Ibanez, A. Unequal burdens: How structural socioeconomic inequality shapes brain health in aging and dementia. Neuroscience 569, 245–247 (2025).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Best Rogowski, C. B. et al. Long-term air pollution exposure and incident dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Planet Health 9, 101266 (2025).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan, H. et al. Linking ambient air pollution to mental health: evidence based on the two-sample Mendelian randomization and colocalization study. Transl. Psychiatry 14, 489 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, J. et al. Effects of urban living environments on mental health in adults. Nat. Med 29, 1456–1467 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Noble, K. G. et al. Family income, parental education and brain structure in children and adolescents. Nat. Neurosci. 18, 773–778 (2015).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Rakesh, D., Zalesky, A. & Whittle, S. Assessment of Parent Income and Education, Neighborhood Disadvantage, and Child Brain Structure. JAMA Netw. Open 5, e2226208 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibanez, A. & Farombi, T. Biological imprint of education and rights-based brain capital. Alzheimers Dement 21, e70222 (2025).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez-Gomez, R. et al. Qualitative and quantitative educational disparities and brain signatures in healthy aging and dementia across global settings. EClinicalMedicine 82, 103187 (2025).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan, S. Y. et al. The influence of early-life adversity on the coupling of structural and functional brain connectivity across childhood. Nat. Ment. Health 2, 52–62 (2024).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Holz, N. E. et al. Early social adversity, altered brain functional connectivity, and mental health. Biol. Psychiatry 93, 430–441 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Raymond, C. et al. Early childhood adversity and HPA axis activity in adulthood:The importance of considering minimal age at exposure. Psychoneuroendocrinology 124, 105042 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Furman, D. et al. Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span. Nat. Med 25, 1822–1832 (2019).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • De Felice, F. G., Goncalves, R. A. & Ferreira, S. T. Impaired insulin signalling and allostatic load in Alzheimer disease. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 23, 215–230 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, R. J., Avramopoulos, D., Jantzie, L. L. & McCallion, A. S. Neuroinflammation represents a common theme amongst genetic and environmental risk factors for Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. J. Neuroinflammation 19, 223 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Muscatell, K. A., Brosso, S. N. & Humphreys, K. L. Socioeconomic status and inflammation: a meta-analysis. Mol. Psychiatry 25, 2189–2199 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Baez, S. et al. Structural inequality and temporal brain dynamics across diverse samples. Clin. Transl. Med 14, e70032 (2024).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibanez, A. et al. Healthy aging meta-analyses and scoping review of risk factors across Latin America reveal large heterogeneity and weak predictive models. Nat. Aging 4, 1153–1165 (2024).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Noren Hooten, N., Pacheco, N. L., Smith, J. T. & Evans, M. K. The accelerated aging phenotype: the role of race and social determinants of health on aging. Ageing Res. Rev. 73, 101536 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, C. L., Ghastine, L., Lodge, E. K., Dhingra, R. & Ward-Caviness, C. K. Understanding health inequalities through the lens of social epigenetics. Annu Rev. Public Health 43, 235–254 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Amoruso, L. et al. Multilingualism protects against accelerated aging in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of 27 European countries. Nat. Aging 5, 2340–2354 (2025).

  • Coronel-Oliveros, C. et al. Creative experiences and brain clocks. Nat. Commun. 16, 8336 (2025).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bobba-Alves, N. et al. Cellular allostatic load is linked to increased energy expenditure and accelerated biological aging. Psychoneuroendocrinology 155, 106322 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Meeker, K. L. et al. Effects of structural and social determinants of health and comorbidities on ethno-racial differences in ATN plasma biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease: A HABS-HD study. Alzheimer’s. Dement. 19, e078605 (2023).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Asken, B. M. et al. Plasma Alzheimer’s biomarkers and brain amyloid in Hispanic and non-Hispanic older adults. Alzheimers Dement 20, 437–446 (2024).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonomi, S. et al. Relationships of cognitive measures with cerebrospinal fluid but not imaging biomarkers of alzheimer disease vary between black and white individuals. Ann. Neurol. 95, 495–506 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoyt, K. R. & Obrietan, K. Circadian clocks, cognition, and Alzheimer’s disease: synaptic mechanisms, signaling effectors, and chronotherapeutics. Mol. Neurodegener. 17, 35 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephan, K. E., Iglesias, S., Heinzle, J. & Diaconescu, A. O. Translational perspectives for computational neuroimaging. Neuron 87, 716–732 (2015).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lope, D. J., Demirhan, H. & Dolgun, A. Bayesian estimation of the effect of health inequality in disease detection. Int J. Equity Health 21, 118 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Friston, K. The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory? Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11, 127–138 (2010).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibanez, A. Intellectual cyborgs and the future of science. Trends Cogn. Sci. 27, 785–787 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Perl, Y. S. et al. Low-dimensional organization of global brain states of reduced consciousness. Cell Rep. 42, 112491 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Naik, S., Banerjee, A., Bapi, R. S., Deco, G. & Roy, D. Metastability in senescence. Trends Cogn. Sci. 21, 509–521 (2017).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Cruzat, J. et al. Temporal irreversibility of large-scale brain dynamics in alzheimer’s disease. J. Neurosci. 43, 1643–1656 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ranasinghe, K. G. et al. Altered excitatory and inhibitory neuronal subpopulation parameters are distinctly associated with tau and amyloid in Alzheimer’s disease. Elife 11, e77850 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Patow, G., Martin, I., Sanz Perl, Y., Kringelbach, M. L. & Deco, G. Whole-brain modelling: an essential tool for understanding brain dynamics. Nat. Rev. Methods Prim. 4, 53 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Perl, Y. S. et al. The impact of regional heterogeneity in whole-brain dynamics in the presence of oscillations. Netw. Neurosci. 7, 632–660 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Amunts, K. et al. BigBrain: an ultrahigh-resolution 3D human brain model. Science 340, 1472–1475 (2013).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Akarca, D., Vertes, P. E., Bullmore, E. T., Team, C. & Astle, D. E. A generative network model of neurodevelopmental diversity in structural brain organization. Nat. Commun. 12, 4216 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lam, K. H. B., Faust, K., Yin, R., Fiala, C. & Diamandis, P. The brain protein atlas: a conglomerate of proteomics datasets of human neural tissue. Proteomics 22, e2200127 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Markello, R. D. et al. Neuromaps: structural and functional interpretation of brain maps. Nat. Methods 19, 1472–1479 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • He, C., Liu, J., Zhu, Y. & Du, W. Data augmentation for deep neural networks model in EEG classification task: a review. Front Hum. Neurosci. 15, 765525 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Moguilner, S. et al. Visual deep learning of unprocessed neuroimaging characterises dementia subtypes and generalises across non-stereotypic samples. EBioMedicine 90, 104540 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraus, B. et al. Insights from personalized models of brain and behavior for identifying biomarkers in psychiatry. Neurosci. Biobehav Rev. 152, 105259 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Roe, J. M. et al. Brain change trajectories in healthy adults correlate with Alzheimer’s related genetic variation and memory decline across life. Nat. Commun. 15, 10651 (2024).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. P. et al. A Bayesian approach to multistate hidden Markov models: application to dementia progression. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 115, 16–31 (2020).

    Article 
    MathSciNet 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, T. The myth of the normal brain: embracing neurodiversity. AMA J. Ethics 17, 348–352 (2015).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bethlehem, R. A. et al. Brain charts for the human lifespan. Nature 604, 525–533 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Schor, N. F. & Bianchi, D. W. Neurodevelopmental clues to neurodegeneration. Pediatr. Neurol. 123, 67–76 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Shabani, K. & Hassan, B. A. The brain on time: links between development and neurodegeneration. Development 150, dev200397 (2023).

  • Tozzi, L. et al. Personalized brain circuit scores identify clinically distinct biotypes in depression and anxiety. Nat. Med. 30, 2076–2087 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutherford, S. et al. The normative modeling framework for computational psychiatry. Nat. Protoc. 17, 1711–1734 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheffer, M. et al. A dynamical systems view of psychiatric disorders-theory: a review. JAMA Psychiatry 81, 618–623 (2024).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D. et al. A computational model of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease. Nat. Commun. 13, 1643 (2022).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Krakauer, J. W., Ghazanfar, A. A., Gomez-Marin, A., MacIver, M. A. & Poeppel, D. Neuroscience Needs Behavior: Correcting a Reductionist Bias. Neuron 93, 480–490 (2017).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Luppi, A. I. et al. A synergistic core for human brain evolution and cognition. Nat. Neurosci. 25, 771–782 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Luppi, A. I. et al. Dynamical models to evaluate structure-function relationships in network neuroscience. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 23, 767–768 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Vohryzek, J., Cabral, J., Vuust, P., Deco, G. & Kringelbach, M. L. Understanding brain states across spacetime informed by whole-brain modelling. Philos. Trans. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 380, 20210247 (2022).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Prattichizzo, F. et al. Organ-specific biological clocks: ageotyping for personalized anti-aging medicine. Ageing Res Rev. 96, 102253 (2024).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor, D. B., Thayer, J. F. & Vedhara, K. Stress and health: a review of psychobiological processes. Annu Rev. Psychol. 72, 663–688 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, M. et al. Mismatch or allostatic load? Timing of life adversity differentially shapes gray matter volume and anxious temperament. Soc. Cogn. Affect Neurosci. 11, 537–547 (2016).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodriquez, E. J., Kim, E. N., Sumner, A. E., Napoles, A. M. & Perez-Stable, E. J. Allostatic load: importance, markers, and score determination in minority and disparity populations. J. Urban Health 96, 3–11 (2019).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Juster, R. P., McEwen, B. S. & Lupien, S. J. Allostatic load biomarkers of chronic stress and impact on health and cognition. Neurosci. Biobehav Rev. 35, 2–16 (2010).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomson, E. M. et al. Air pollution, stress, and allostatic load: linking systemic and central nervous system impacts. J. Alzheimers Dis. 69, 597–614 (2019).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hastings, P., Johnson, L., Ugarte, E., Robins, R. & Guyer, A. The biological embedding of adversity and inequity: Examining the physiological impacts of discrimination and poverty on ethnically and economically minoritized youths. Psychoneuroendocrinology 153, 106261 (2023).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumsta, R. et al. The role of stress in the biological embedding of experience. Psychoneuroendocrinology 156, 106364 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Erickson, A. C. & Sbihi, H. Biological embedding, the air we breathe, and carcinogenesis. Lancet Planet Health 2, e149–e150 (2018).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckstrand, K. L., Singh, M. K. & Ajilore, O. Diversity, equity, and inclusivity in biological psychiatry research. Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging 7, 1195–1197 (2022).

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Zurn, P., Stramondo, J., Reynolds, J. M. & Bassett, D. S. Expanding diversity, equity, and inclusion to disability: opportunities for biological psychiatry. Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging 7, 1280–1288 (2022).

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Mubarak, B. et al. Whole exome sequencing reveals inherited and de novo variants in autism spectrum disorder: a trio study from Saudi families. Sci. Rep. 7, 5679 (2017).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kourtian, S. et al. Candidate genes for inherited autism susceptibility in the Lebanese population. Sci. Rep. 7, 45336 (2017).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, V. et al. Genetic Variant Analyses Identify Novel Candidate Autism Risk Genes from a Highly Consanguineous Cohort of 104 Families from Oman. Int J. Mol. Sci. 25, 13700 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Soueid, J. et al. RYR2, PTDSS1 and AREG genes are implicated in a Lebanese population-based study of copy number variation in autism. Sci. Rep. 6, 19088 (2016).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lencz, T. et al. Novel ultra-rare exonic variants identified in a founder population implicate cadherins in schizophrenia. Neuron 109, 1465–1478e1464 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Mir, A., Khorram, E., Song, Y., Lee, H. & Tabatabaiefar, M. A. A novel heterozygous truncating variant in the AGO1 gene in an Iranian family with schizophrenia as an unreported symptom. Ann. Hum. Genet 87, 295–301 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Colak-Genis, E. et al. Investigation of genetic changes in three families with bipolar disease. Mol. Syndromol. 15, 464–473 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Fullerton, J. M. & Tesfaye, M. Global diversity in bipolar disorder: the role of cultural and social differences with a view to genomics. Biol. Psychiatry 98, 354–364 (2025).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Pries, L. K. et al. Predictive performance of exposome score for schizophrenia in the general population. Schizophr. Bull. 47, 277–283 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiao, J. Y. & Blizinsky, K. D. Population disparities in mental health: insights from cultural neuroscience. Am. J. Public Health 103, S122–S132 (2013).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, X. et al. The global burden of schizophrenia and the impact of urbanization during 1990-2019: An analysis of the global burden of disease study 2019. Environ. Res 232, 116305 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • McFadyen, J. & Dolan, R. J. Spatiotemporal precision of neuroimaging in psychiatry. Biol. Psychiatry 93, 671–680 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauser, T. U., Skvortsova, V., De Choudhury, M. & Koutsouleris, N. The promise of a model-based psychiatry: building computational models of mental ill health. Lancet Digit Health 4, e816–e828 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Halassa, M. M. et al. Developing algorithmic psychiatry via multi-level spanning computational models. Cell Rep. Med 6, 102094 (2025).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruckl, T. M. et al. The biological classification of mental disorders (BeCOME) study: a protocol for an observational deep-phenotyping study for the identification of biological subtypes. BMC Psychiatry 20, 213 (2020).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wingo, T. S. et al. Shared mechanisms across the major psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Nat. Commun. 13, 4314 (2022).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Smeland, O. B. et al. Genome-wide association analysis of parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia reveals shared genetic architecture and identifies novel risk loci. Biol. Psychiatry 89, 227–235 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Favela, L. H. & Amon, M. J. Reframing cognitive science as a complexity science. Cogn. Sci. 47, e13280 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hampel, H. et al. The foundation and architecture of precision medicine in neurology and psychiatry. Trends Neurosci. 46, 176–198 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Walhovd, K. B., Lovden, M. & Fjell, A. M. Timing of lifespan influences on brain and cognition. Trends Cogn. Sci. 27, 901–915 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu, J. et al. Global urbanicity is associated with brain and behaviour in young people. Nat. Hum. Behav. 6, 279–293 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Danielsdottir, H. B. et al. Adverse childhood experiences and adult mental health outcomes. JAMA Psychiatry 81, 586–594 (2024).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Short, A. K. & Baram, T. Z. Early-life adversity and neurological disease: age-old questions and novel answers. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 15, 657–669 (2019).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Singhaarachchi, P. H. et al. Aging, sex, metabolic and life experience factors: contributions to neuro-inflammaging in Alzheimer’s disease research. Neurosci. Biobehav Rev. 162, 105724 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, S., Payne, P. R. O. & Sotiras, A. Normative Modeling using Multimodal Variational Autoencoders to Identify Abnormal Brain Volume Deviations in Alzheimer’s Disease. Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 12465, 1246503 (2023).

  • Zsadanyi, S. E. et al. Democratizing dementia research through global online conferences. Nat. Neurosci. 28, 1109–1112 (2025).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibanez, A. & Eyre, H. Brain capital, ecological development and sustainable environments. BMJ Ment. Health 26, e300803 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardona, J. F., Trujillo-Llano, C., Miller, J. & Ibanez, A. Peace in Colombia requires healing the scars of conflict on the mind and brain. Nat. Med 31, 2845–2849 (2025).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardona, J. F., Trujillo-Llano, C., Miller, J. & Ibanez, A. Address Colombia’s brain-health crisis. Nature 643, 336 (2025).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Alderman, J. E. et al. Tackling algorithmic bias and promoting transparency in health datasets: the STANDING Together consensus recommendations. Lancet Digit Health 7, e64–e88 (2025).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lim, S. S. et al. Reporting guidelines for precision medicine research of clinical relevance: the BePRECISE checklist. Nat. Med 30, 1874–1881 (2024).

    Article 
    ADS 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Maestre, G. et al. Promoting diverse perspectives: Addressing health disparities related to Alzheimer’s and all dementias. Alzheimers Dement 20, 3099–3107 (2024).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Rebbeck, T. R. et al. A Framework for Promoting Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Genetics and Genomics Research. JAMA Health Forum 3, e220603–e220603 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Diversity, equity and inclusion in neurology. Nat Rev Neurol 20, 199 (2024).

  • Fonseca, L. et al. Diversity matters: opportunities in the study of the genetics of psychotic disorders in low- and middle-income countries in Latin America. Braz. J. Psychiatry 43, 631–637 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Celi, L. A. et al. Sources of bias in artificial intelligence that perpetuate healthcare disparities-A global review. PLOS Digit Health 1, e0000022 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, Y., Zhang, H., Gichoya, J. W., Katabi, D. & Ghassemi, M. The limits of fair medical imaging AI in real-world generalization. Nat. Med 30, 2838–2848 (2024).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • The Lancet Digital, H A long STANDING commitment to improving health care. Lancet Digit Health 7, e1 (2025).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Stites, S. D. & Coe, N. B. Let’s not repeat history’s mistakes: two cautions to scientists on the use of race in alzheimer’s disease and alzheimer’s disease related dementias research. J. Alzheimers Dis. 92, 729–740 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Slade, M., Rennick-Egglestone, S. & Todowede, O. The transformative potential of citizen science for mental health. Lancet Psychiatry 11, 246–248 (2024).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Haklay, M. et al. Contours of citizen science: a vignette study. R. Soc. Open Sci. 8, 202108 (2021).

    Article 
    ADS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumann, G. et al. AddressIng Global Environmental Challenges To Mental Health Using Population Neuroscience: A Review. JAMA Psychiatry 80, 1066–1074 (2023).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Coronel-Oliveros, C. et al. Diversity-sensitive brain clocks linked to biophysical mechanisms in aging and dementia. Nat. Ment. Health 3, 1214–1229 (2025).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Eo, J., Kang, J., Youn, T. & Park, H. J. Neuropharmacological computational analysis of longitudinal electroencephalograms in clozapine-treated patients with schizophrenia using hierarchical dynamic causal modeling. Neuroimage 275, 120161 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Petzschner, F. H., Garfinkel, S. N., Paulus, M. P., Koch, C. & Khalsa, S. S. Computational Models of Interoception and Body Regulation. Trends Neurosci. 44, 63–76 (2021).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo, W., Wang, J. & Wang, S. Deep multimodal representation learning: A survey. Ieee Access 7, 63373–63394 (2019).

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Septier, F. & Peters, G. W. An Overview Of Recent Advances In Monte-carlo Methods For Bayesian Filtering In High-dimensional Spaces. Theoretical aspects of spatial-temporal modeling, 31-61 (2015).

  • Hipolito, I. et al. Markov blankets in the brain. Neurosci. Biobehav Rev. 125, 88–97 (2021).

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Langdon, C., Genkin, M. & Engel, T. A. A unifying perspective on neural manifolds and circuits for cognition. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 24, 363–377 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Angelo, E. & Jirsa, V. The quest for multiscale brain modeling. Trends Neurosci. 45, 777–790 (2022).

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, D. M. et al. Hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. Cell 186, 693–714 (2023).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Frisoni, G. B. et al. The probabilistic model of Alzheimer disease: the amyloid hypothesis revised. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 23, 53–66 (2022).

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • link

    Leave a Reply

    Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *